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# pass

From ArchWiki

From the official website:

  Password management should be simple and follow Unix philosophy. With pass, each password lives inside of a gpg encrypted file whose filename is the title of the website or resource that requires the password. These encrypted files may be organized into meaningful folder hierarchies, copied from computer to computer, and, in general, manipulated using standard command line file management utilities.

pass is a simple password manager for the command line. pass is a shell script that makes use of existing tools like GnuPG, tree and Git.

## Installation

Install the pass package.

An optional Qt GUI is available via the qtpass package.

## Basic usage

Note To be able to use pass, set up GnuPG. The trust level of the key used for pass must be "ultimate".

To initialize the password store:

    $ pass init gpg-id_or_email

To create a new password, first provide a descriptive hierarchical name. In this example, this is archlinux.org/wiki/username:

    $ pass insert archlinux.org/wiki/username

To get a view of the password store do the following. Note the example output which shows the hierarchy we just created:

    $ pass

    Password Store
    └── archlinux.org
        └── wiki
            └── username

To generate a new random password for the above example, do the following, where `n` is the desired password length as a number:

    $ pass generate archlinux.org/wiki/username n

To retrieve a password, enter the gpg passphrase at the following prompt, again using the example name from above:

    $ pass archlinux.org/wiki/username

Users of Xorg with xclip installed can retrieve the password directly onto the clipboard temporarily (e.g., to paste into web forms). In a Wayland session, should use wl-clipboard instead. To do so, do the following (again with the same example hierarchical name from above):

    $ pass -c archlinux.org/wiki/username

Note Users preferring the classical middle-click/paste can add the following to their respective ~/.shellrc for this behavior: `export PASSWORD_STORE_X_SELECTION=primary`

pass comes with a dmenu wrapper to enable easy searching/copying. To use it, install the optional dependency dmenu and run:

    $ passmenu

Then selecting an entry will copy its password to the clipboard. See dmenu(1) for customization options such as case-insensitivity. You may want to set this to a systemwide keybinding in order to easily access passwords from any application.

## Data organization

By default, the credential file created with `pass insert` will only contain your password. However, it may not be enough since several applications ask for detail data like username, url, etc. You can edit an existing file the way you want with command `pass edit password_name`. Below is the preferred organizational scheme provided by pass-project page. When using the option `-c` or `--clip` with this scheme, only the password will be copied.

    YwrZSNH35z164ym9pI
    URL: *.amazon.com/*
    Username: AmazonianChicken@example.com
    Secret Question 1: What is your childhood best friend's most bizarre superhero fantasy? Oh god, Amazon, it's too awful to say...
    Phone Support PIN #: 84719

## Migrating to pass

There are multiple scripts listed on the pass-project page to import passwords from other programs

## Extensions

Since version 1.7, pass supports extensions developed by the community. These extensions extend the features of pass with the support of new commands.

- pass-tomb — Manage the whole tree of your password store encrypted inside a tomb.

  https://github.com/roddhjav/pass-tomb || pass-tombAUR

- pass-otp — Support for one-time-password (OTP) tokens.

  https://github.com/tadfisher/pass-otp || pass-otp

- pass-import — A generic importer tool from other password managers.

  https://github.com/roddhjav/pass-import || pass-importAUR

- pass-update — An easy flow for updating passwords.

  https://github.com/roddhjav/pass-update || pass-updateAUR

- pass-audit — An extension for auditing a password repository.

  https://github.com/roddhjav/pass-audit || pass-auditAUR

- pass-phrase — An extension for generating passphrases.

  https://github.com/programadoroccidental/pass-phrase || pass-phraseAUR

- pass-coffin — A password store extension to hide data inside a signed and encrypted coffin

  https://github.com/ayushnix/pass-coffin || pass-coffinAUR

- pass-tessen — An Xorg/Wayland compatible command line fuzzy selection tool with copy and paste.

  https://github.com/ayushnix/pass-tessen || pass-tessenAUR

- tessen — A bash script for Wayland extending compatibility to dmenu type applications such as rofi and fuzzel.

  https://github.com/ayushnix/tessen || tessenAUR

## Advanced usage

Environment variables can be used to alter where pass looks to do store and git operations via:

    PASSWORD_STORE_DIR=/path/to/store

For more information on how this can be used to support multiple pass repositories see this link. The following `pw()` example alias sends the second line of the named database to the clipboard before sending the first line five seconds thereafter and finally an OTP code five seconds after that. Assuming that a password occupies the first line and a username the second line and an OTP URI exists anywhere in the named database, the net effect is passing username > password > otp code for consecutive primary pasting into available (e.g. browser) entry fields:

    pw() {
    export PASSWORD_STORE_CLIP_TIME=8
    export PASSWORD_STORE_X_SELECTION=primary
    pass -c2 $1; sleep 5; pass -c $1; sleep 5; pass otp -c $1; exit
    }

## Multiple pass contexts (e.g. teaming)

One can use aliases to set up different pass contexts, which helps when collaborating with different teams. We have gotten this working in bash as follows:

Add aliases to your `~/.bashrc`:

    alias passred="PASSWORD_STORE_DIR=~/.pass/red pass"
    alias passblue="PASSWORD_STORE_DIR=~/.pass/blue pass"

Add these for bash-completion to your `~/.bash_completion` and make sure bash-completion is installed:

    source /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/pass
    _passred(){
        PASSWORD_STORE_DIR=~/.pass/red/ _pass
    }
    complete -o filenames -o nospace -F _passred passred
    _passblue(){
        PASSWORD_STORE_DIR=~/.pass/blue/ _pass
    }
    complete -o filenames -o nospace -F _passblue passblue

Or for zsh (source: `/usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_pass`)

    compdef _pass passred
    zstyle ':completion::complete:passred::' prefix "$HOME/.pass/red"
    passred() {
      PASSWORD_STORE_DIR=$HOME/.pass/red pass $@
    }
    compdef _pass passblue
    zstyle ':completion::complete:passblue::' prefix "$HOME/.pass/blue"
    passblue() {
      PASSWORD_STORE_DIR=$HOME/.pass/blue pass $@
    }

Now you can initialize into `~/.pass/red` and `~/.pass/blue` and have two pass contexts with the `passred` and `passblue` aliases. You can generalize this further into as many contexts as you like.

## Git integration

### Git helper usage

You can use `pass` as a credentials helper for `git`. Install the pass-git-helperAUR. Details are described in the github README file.

#### git configuration

Configure `pass-git-helper` as a git credentials helper by calling:

    $ git config --global credential.helper /usr/bin/pass-git-helper

#### Mapping file

Create the file `~/.config/pass-git-helper/git-pass-mapping.ini`. It is used to map git remote hosts to your `pass` database. The format is something like this:

    [github.com]
    target=dev/github

    [*.fooo-bar.*]
    target=dev/fooo-bar

You can use wildcards in the host part, as shown in the example.

#### Password store layout

As usual with pass, the helper assumes that the password is contained in the first line of the passwordstore entry. Additionally, if a second line is present, this line is interpreted as the username.

For this to work, you have to use `pass insert --multiline` to create a multi line password store entry.

### Central Git server for pass in combination with GnuPG (SSH example)

You are able to setup a password management system by setting up a central Git server for pass. This allows you to synchronize your central password repository through multiple client environments.

#### Install a bare Git repository for pass on the server

On the server run `git init --bare ~/.password-store` to create a bare repository you can push to.

#### Import authorized public SSH keys

See SSH keys#Copying the public key to the remote server

#### On the client

This section assumes you have configured GnuPG and have a key pair to encrypt passwords. On your local client ensure you have a local password store on the client, then enable management of local changes through Git, add your remote Git repository, and push your local pass history.

Create a local password store:

    $ pass init gpg_key_id

Enable management of local changes through Git:

    $ pass git init

Add the remote git repository as 'origin':

    $ pass git remote add origin user@server:~/.password-store

Push your local pass history:

    $ pass git push -u --all

Now you can use the standard Git commands, prefixed by `pass`. For example: `pass git push`, or `pass git pull`. pass will automatically create commits when you use it to modify your password store.

## Troubleshooting

### Encryption failed: Unusable public key

The following error can occur when attempting to insert a new entry:

    $ pass insert archlinux.org/wiki/username

    Enter password for archlinux.org/wiki/username:
    Retype password for archlinux.org/wiki/username:
    gpg: XXXXXXXXX: There is no assurance this key belongs to the named user
    gpg: [stdin]: encryption failed: Unusable public key
    Password encryption aborted.

This occurs if the trust level of the GnuPG key is set to anything other than "ultimate". Edit the key used for `pass` to set its trust level to "ultimate":

    $ gpg --edit-key your_key_id

    > trust
    > 5

### Secret key expired

The following error can occur when your GPG key expires (e.g., after a year) and you try to add a new password:

    gpg: Note: secret key 0xAAAABBBBCCCCDDEE expired at Thu 09 Jan 2020 01:15:15 PM UTC
    gpg: AAAABBBBCCCCDDEE: skipped: Unusable public key

To fix this, either extend the current GPG key's expiration date or switch to a new one (i.e., key rotation).

To switch to a new key and re-encrypt the store:

    $ pass init new_gpg-id_or_email

## See also

- A more comprehensive pass tutorial
- pass home page
- List of Compatible clients and possibilities for migration to pass

Categories:

- Password managers
- Console applications
- OpenPGP

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