# The Khronos® Vulkan® API Registry

Jon Leech
version 1.2.135, 2020-03-21 11:52:55Z
from git branch: Git branch not available commit: Git commit not available

Copyright (c) 2014-2020 Khronos Group. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

## 1. Introduction

This document describes the Khronos Vulkan API Registry schema, and provides some additional information about using the registry and scripts to generate a variety of outputs, including C header files as well as several types of asciidoc include files used in the Vulkan API specification and reference pages. The underlying XML files and scripts are located on the Khronos public Github server at URL

https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Docs

The authoritative copy of the Registry is maintained in the `master` branch.

| Note The older version of the registry in the `1.0` branch is out of date.

The registry uses an XML representation of the Vulkan API, together with a set of Python scripts to manipulate the registry once loaded. The scripts rely on the Python `etree` package to parse and operate on XML. An XML schema and validator target are included.

The schema is based on, but not identical to that used for the previously published OpenGL, OpenGL ES and EGL API registries. It was extended to represent additional types and concepts not needed for those APIs, such as structure and enumerant types, as well as additional types of registered information specific to Vulkan.

The Vulkan C header files generated from the registry are checked in under `include/vulkan/`.

### 1.1. Schema Choices

The XML schema is not pure XML all the way down. In particular, command return types/names and parameters, and structure members, are described in mixed-mode tag containing C declarations of the appropriate information, with some XML nodes annotating particular parts of the declaration such as its base type and name. This choice is based on prior experience with the SGI `.spec` file format used to describe OpenGL, and greatly eases human reading and writing the XML, and generating C-oriented output. The cost is that people writing output generators for other languages will have to include enough logic to parse the C declarations and extract the relevant information.

People who do not find the supplied Python scripts to suit their needs are likely to write their own parsers, interpreters, and/or converters operating on the registry XML. We hope that we have provided enough information in this document, the RNC schema (`registry.rnc`), and comments in the Registry (`vk.xml`) itself to enable such projects. If not and you need clarifications; if you have other problems using the registry; or if you have proposed changes and enhancements, then please file issues on Khronos' public Github project at

https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Docs/issues

Please tag your issues with `[Registry]` in the subject line to help us categorize them. We have considered separating the registry from the specification source into a separate repository, but since there is so much specification valid usage language imbedded in the registry XML, this is unlikely to happen.

## 2. Getting Started

See `xml/README.adoc` in the `Vulkan-Docs` repository for information on required toolchain components such as Python 3, g++, and GNU make.

Once you have the right tools installed, perform the following steps:

- Check out the `Vulkan-Docs` repository linked above from Khronos Github (there are instructions at the link)

- `cd` to the root directory in your checked-out repo

- Switch to the `master` branch.

- Invoke `make clean ; make install ; make test`

This should regenerate `vulkan_core.h` and a variety of platform-specific headers, install them in `../include/vulkan/`, and verify that the headers build properly. The result should be identical to the version you just pulled from Github. They can be compared by, for example:

`git diff ../include/vulkan/`

The `install` target also generates source code for a simple extension loader library in `../src/ext_loader/`.

Other Makefile targets in `xml/` include:

- `validate` - validate `vk.xml` against the XML schema. Recommended if you are making nontrivial changes.

- The asciidoc includes used by the Specification and Reference Pages are built using the 'make generated' target in the parent directory Makefile, although they use the scripts and XML in this directory. These files are generated dynamically when building the specs, since their contents depend on the exact set of extensions the Specification is being built to include.

If you just want to modify the API, changing `vk.xml` and running `make` should be all that is needed. See Examples / FAQ / How Do I? for some examples of modifying the XML.

If you want to use the registry for reasons other than generating the header file, extension loader, and asciidoc includes, or to generate headers for languages other than C, start with the Makefile rules and the files `vk.xml`, `genvk.py`, `reg.py`, and `generator.py`.

If you are using other platforms, issues or merge requests with additional documentation on using the tools on those platforms would be very helpful.

### 2.1. Header Generation Script - `genvk.py`

When generating header files using the `genvk.py` script, an API name and profile name are required, as shown in the Makefile examples. Additionally, specific API versions and extensions can be required or excluded. Based on this information, the generator script extracts the relevant interfaces and creates a C-language header file for them. `genvk.py` contains predefined generator options for the current Vulkan Specification release.

The generator script is intended to be generalizable to other languages by writing new generator classes. Such generators would have to rewrite the C types and definitions in the XML to something appropriate to their language.

### 2.2. Registry Processing Script - `reg.py`

XML processing is done in `reg.py`, which contains several objects and methods for loading registries and extracting interfaces and extensions for use in header generation. There is some internal documentation in the form of comments, although nothing more extensive exists yet.

### 2.3. Output Generator Script - `generator.py`

Once the registry is loaded, the `COutputGenerator` class defined in `generator.py` is used to create a header file. The `DocOutputGenerator` class is used to create the asciidoc include files. Output generators for other purposes can be added as needed. There are a variety of output generators included:

- `cgenerator.py` - generate C header file

- `docgenerator.py` - generate asciidoc includes for APIs

- `hostsyncgenerator.py` - generate host sync table includes for APIs

- `validitygenerator.py` - generate validity language includes

- `pygenerator.py` - generate a Python dictionary-based encoding of portions of the registry, used during spec generation

- `extensionStubSource.py` - generate a simple C extension loader.

## 3. Vulkan Registry Schema

The format of the Vulkan registry is a top level `registry` tag containing `types`, `enums`, `commands`, `feature`, and `extension` tags describing the different elements of an API, as explained below. This description corresponds to a formal Relax NG schema file, `registry.rnc`, against which the XML registry files can be validated.

At present the only registry in this schema is the core Vulkan API registry, `vk.xml`.

### 3.1. Profiles

Types and enumerants can have different definitions depending on the API profile requested. This capability is not used in the current Vulkan API but may be in the future. Features and extensions can include some elements conditionally depending on the API profile requested.

### 3.2. API Names

The schema supports, but does not currently use an `api` attribute on several tags. This is an arbitrary string, specified at header generation time, for labelling properties of a specific API or API profile. The string can be, but is not necessarily, an actual API name. Names starting with `vk` are suggested if and when we start defining profiles of Vulkan.

## 4. Registry Root (`registry` tag)

A `registry` contains the entire definition of one or more related APIs.

### 4.1. Attributes of `registry` tags

None.

### 4.2. Contents of `registry` tags

Zero or more of each of the following tags, normally in this order (although order should not be important):

- `comment` - Contains arbitrary text, such as a copyright statement.

- `platforms` - defines platform names corresponding to platform-specific API extensions.

- `tags` - defines author IDs used for extensions and layers. Author IDs are described in detail in the “Layers & Extensions” section of the “Vulkan Documentation and Extensions: Procedures and Conventions” document.

- `types` - defines API types. Usually only one tag is used.

- `enums` - defines API token names and values. Usually multiple tags are used. Related groups may be tagged as an enumerated type corresponding to a `type` tag, and resulting in a C `enum` declaration. This ability is heavily used in the Vulkan API.

- `commands` - defines API commands (functions). Usually only one tag is used.

- `feature` - defines API feature interfaces (API versions, more or less). One tag per feature set.

- `extensions` - defines API extension interfaces. Usually only one tag is used, wrapping many extensions.

#### 4.2.1. Comment Tags (`comment` tag)

A `comment` tag contains an arbitrary string, and is unused. Comment tags may appear in multiple places in the schema, as described below. Comment tags are removed by output generators if they would otherwise appear in generated headers, asciidoc include files, etc.

## 5. Platform Name Blocks (`platforms` tag)

A `platforms` contains descriptions of platform IDs for platforms supported by window system-specific extensions to Vulkan.

### 5.1. Attributes of `platforms` tags

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

### 5.2. Contents of `platforms` tags

Zero or more `platform` tags, in arbitrary order (though they are typically ordered by sorting on the platform name).

## 6. Platform Names (`platform` tag)

A `platform` tag describes a single platform name.

### 6.1. Attributes of `platform` tags

- `name` - required. The platform name. This must be a short alphanumeric string corresponding to the platform name, valid as part of a C99 identifier. Lower-case is preferred. In some cases, it may be desirable to distinguish a subset of platform functionality from the entire platform. In these cases, the platform name should begin with the entire platform name, followed by `_` and the subset name.

  | Note For example, `name="xlib"` is used for the X Window System, Xlib client library platform. `name="xlib_xrandr"` is used for the XRandR functionality within the `xlib` platform.

- `protect` - required. This must be a C99 preprocessor token beginning with `VK_USE_PLATFORM_` followed by the platform name, converted to upper case, followed by `_` and the extension suffix of the corresponding window system-specific extension supporting the platform.

  | Note For example, `protect="VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_XRANDR_EXT"` is used for the `xlib_xrandr` platform name.

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

### 6.2. Contents of `platform` tags

No contents are allowed. All information is contained in the attributes.

## 7. Author ID Blocks (`tags` tag)

A `tags` tag contains `authorid` tags describing reserved author IDs used by extension and layer authors.

### 7.1. Attributes of `tags` tags

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

### 7.2. Contents of `tags` tags

Zero or more `tag` tags, in arbitrary order (though they are typically ordered by sorting on the author ID).

## 8. Author IDs (`tag` tag)

A `tag` tag contains information defining a single author ID.

### 8.1. Attributes of `tag` tags

- `name` - required. The author ID, as registered with Khronos. A short, upper-case string, usually an abbreviation of an author, project or company name.

- `author` - required. The author name, such as a full company or project name.

- `contact` - required. The contact who registered or is currently responsible for extensions and layers using the ID, including sufficient contact information to reach the contact such as individual name together with email address, Github username, or other contact information.

### 8.2. Contents of `tag` tags

No contents are allowed. All information is contained in the attributes.

## 9. API Type Blocks (`types` tag)

A `types` tag contains definitions of derived types used in the API.

### 9.1. Attributes of `types` tags

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

### 9.2. Contents of `types` tags

Zero or more `type` and `comment` tags, in arbitrary order (though they are typically ordered by putting dependencies of other types earlier in the list). The `comment` tags are used mostly to indicate grouping of related types.

## 10. API Type (`type` tag)

A `type` tag contains information which can be used to generate C code corresponding to the type. In many cases, this is simply legal C code, with attributes or embedded tags denoting the type name and other types used in defining this type. In some cases, additional attribute and embedded type information is used to generate more complicated C types.

### 10.1. Attributes of `type` tags

- `requires` - optional. Another type name this type requires to complete its definition.

- `name` - optional. Name of this type (if not defined in the tag body).

- `alias` - optional. Another type name which this type is an alias of. Must match the name of another `type` element. This is typically used when promoting a type defined by an extension to a new core version of the API. The old extension type is still defined, but as an alias of the new type.

- `api` - optional. An API name (see `feature` below) which specializes this definition of the named type, so that the same API types may have different definitions for e.g. GL ES and GL. This is unlikely to be used in Vulkan, where a single API supports desktop and mobile devices, but the functionality is retained.

- `category` - optional. A string which indicates that this type contains a more complex structured definition. At present the only accepted categories are `basetype`, `bitmask`, `define`, `enum`, `funcpointer`, `group`, `handle`, `include`, `struct`, and `union`, as described below.

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

- `parent` only applicable if category is `handle`. Notes another type with the `handle` category that acts as a parent object for this type.

- `returnedonly` only applicable if category is `struct` or `union`. Notes that this struct/union is going to be filled in by the API, rather than an application filling it out and passing it to the API.

- `structextends` only applicable if category is `struct` or `union`. This is a comma-separated list of structures whose `pNext` can include this type. This should usually only list the top-level structure that is extended, for all possible chained structures - the chained structures themselves should have their `pNext` tagged with `noautovalidity`. This will generate a validity statement on the top level structure that validates the entire chain in one go, rather than each chained structure repeating the list of valid structs.

### 10.2. Contents of `type` tags

The valid contents depend on the `category` attribute.

#### 10.2.1. Enumerated types - `category` `"enum"`

If the `category` tag has the value `enum`, the type is a C enumeration. The body of the tag is ignored in this case. The value of the `name` attribute must be provided and must match the `name` attribute of a `enums` tag. The enumerant values defined within the `enums` tag are used to generate a C `enum` type declaration.

#### 10.2.2. Structure types - `category` `"struct"` or `"union"`

If the `category` tag has the values `struct` or `union`, the type is a C structure or union, respectively. In this case, the `name` attribute must be provided, and the contents of the `type` tag are a series of `member` tags defining the members of the aggregate type, in order, interleaved with any number of `comment` tags.

##### Structure member (`member`) tags

The `member` tag defines the type and name of a structure or union member.

##### Attributes of `member` tags

- `values` - only valid on the `sType` member of a struct. This is a comma-separated list of enumerant values that are valid for the structure type; usually there is only a single value.

- `len` - if the member is an array, len may be one or more of the following things, separated by commas (one for each array indirection): another member of that struct; `"null-terminated"` for a string; `"1"` to indicate it is just a pointer (used for nested pointers); or an equation in math markup for incorporation in the specification (a LaTeX math expression delimited by `\(` and `\)`. The only variables in the equation should be the names of members of the structure.

- `altlen` - if the `len` attribute is specified, and contains a `latexmath:` equation, this attribute should be specified with an equivalent equation using only C builtin operators, C math library function names, and variables as allowed for `len`. It must be a valid C99 expression whose result is equal to `len` for all possible inputs. It is a comma separated list that has size equal to only the `latexmath` item count in `len` list. This attribute is intended to support consumers of the XML who need to generate validation code from the allowed length.

- `externsync` - denotes that the member should be externally synchronized when accessed by Vulkan

- `optional` - optional. A value of `"true"` or `"false"` determines whether this member can be omitted by providing `NULL` (for pointers), `VK_NULL_HANDLE` (for handles), 0 (for bitmasks), or 0 for values that are the size of an array in the same structure. If the member is a pointer to one of those types, multiple values may be provided, separated by commas - one for each pointer indirection. If not present, the value is assumed to be `"false"` (the member must not be omitted).

- `noautovalidity` - prevents automatic validity language being generated for the tagged item. Only suppresses item-specific validity - parenting issues etc. are still captured. It must also be used for structures that have no implicit validity when such structure has explicit validity.

##### Contents of `member` tags

The text elements of a `member` tag, with all other tags removed, is a legal C declaration of a struct or union member. In addition it may contain several semantic tags:

- The `type` tag is optional. It contains text which is a valid type name found in another `type` tag, and indicates that this type must be previously defined for the definition of the command to succeed. Builtin C types should not be wrapped in `type` tags.

- The `name` tag is required, and contains the struct/union member name being described.

- The `enum` tag is optional. It contains text which is a valid enumerant name found in another `type` tag, and indicates that this enumerant must be previously defined for the definition of the command to succeed. Typically this is used to semantically tag static array lengths.

- The `comment` tag is optional. It contains an arbitrary string (unused).

#### 10.2.3. All other types

If the `category` attribute is one of `basetype`, `bitmask`, `define`, `funcpointer`, `group`, `handle` or `include`, or is not specified, `type` contains text which is legal C code for a type declaration. It may also contain embedded tags:

- `type` - nested type tags contain other type names which are required by the definition of this type.

- `apientry`/ - insert a platform calling convention macro here during header generation, used mostly for function pointer types.

- `name` - contains the name of this type (if not defined in the tag attributes).

There is no restriction on which sorts of definitions may be made in a given category, although the contents of tags with `category` `enum`, `struct` or `union` are interpreted specially as described above.

However, when generating the header, types within each category are grouped together, and categories are generated in the order given by the following list. Therefore, types in a category should correspond to the intended purpose given for that category. If this recommendation is not followed, it is possible that the resulting header file will not compile due to out-of-order type dependencies. The intended purpose of each category is:

- `include` (`#include`) directives)

- `define` (macro `#define` directives)

- `basetype` (scalar typedefs, such as the definition of `VkFlags`)

- `handle` (invocations of macros defining scalar types such as `VkInstance`)

- `enum` (enumeration types and `#define` for constant values)

- `group` (currently unused)

- `bitmask` (enumeration types whose members are bitmasks)

- `funcpointer` (function pointer typedefs)

- `struct` and `union` together (struct and union types)

### 10.3. Example of a `types` tag

    <types>
        <type name="stddef">#include &lt;stddef.h&gt;</type>
        <type requires="stddef">typedef ptrdiff_t <name>VKlongint</name>;</type>
        <type name="VkEnum" category="enum"/>
        <type category="struct" name="VkStruct">
            <member><type>VkEnum</type> <name>srcEnum</name></member>
            <member><type>VkEnum</type> <name>dstEnum</name></member>
        </type>
    </types>

    <enums name="VkEnum" type="enum">
        <enum value="0" name="VK_ENUM_ZERO"/>
        <enum value="42" name="VK_ENUM_FORTY_TWO"/>
    </enums>

The `VkStruct` type is defined to require the types `VkEnum` and `VKlongint` as well. If `VkStruct` is in turn required by a command or another type during header generation, it will result in the following declarations:

    #include <stddef.h>
    typedef ptrdiff_t VKlongint.

    typedef enum {
        VK_ENUM_ZERO = 0,
        VK_ENUM_FORTY_TWO = 42
    } VkEnum;

    typedef struct {
        VkEnum    dstEnum;
        VkLongint dstVal;
    } VkStruct;

Note that the angle brackets around `stddef.h` are represented as XML entities in the registry. This could also be done using a CDATA block but unless there are many characters requiring special representation in XML, using entities is preferred.

## 11. Enumerant Blocks (`enums` tag)

The `enums` tags contain individual `enum` tags describing each of the token names used in the API. In some cases these correspond to a C `enum`, and in some cases they are simply compile time constants (e.g. `#define`).

| Note It would make more sense to call these `const` or `define` tags. This is a historical hangover from the OpenGL XML format which this schema was based on.

### 11.1. Attributes of `enums` tags

- `name` - optional. String naming the C `enum` type whose members are defined by this enum group. If present, this attribute should match the `name` attribute of a corresponding `type` tag.

- `type` - optional. String describing the data type of the values of this group of enums. At present the only accepted categories are `enum` and `bitmask`, as described below.

- `start`, `end` - optional. Integers defining the start and end of a reserved range of enumerants for a particular vendor or purpose. `start` must be less than or equal to `end`. These fields define formal enumerant allocations, and are made by the Khronos Registrar on request from implementers following the enum allocation policy.

- `vendor` - optional. String describing the vendor or purpose to whom a reserved range of enumerants is allocated.

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

### 11.2. Contents of `enums` tags

Each `enums` block contains zero or more `enum`, `unused`, and `comment` tags, in arbitrary order (although they are typically ordered by sorting on enumerant values, to improve human readability).

### 11.3. Example of `enums` tags

An example showing a tag with attribute `type``="enum"` is given above. The following example is for non-enumerated tokens.

    <enums>
        <enum value="256" name="VK_MAX_EXTENSION_NAME"/>
        <enum value="MAX_FLOAT"  name="VK_LOD_CLAMP_NONE"/>
    </enums>

When processed into a C header, and assuming all these tokens were required, this results in

    #define VK_MAX_EXTENSION_NAME   256
    #define VK_LOD_CLAMP_NONE       MAX_FLOAT

## 12. Enumerants (`enum` tag)

Each `enum` tag defines a single Vulkan (or other API) token.

### 12.1. Attributes of `enum` tags

- `value` is an enumerant value in the form of a legal C constant (usually a literal decimal or hexadecimal integer, though arbitrary strings are allowed).

- `bitpos` is a literal integer bit position in a bitmask. The bit position must be in the range [0,30] when used as a flag bit in a `Vk*FlagBits` data type. Bit positions 31 and up may be used for values that are not flag bits. Exactly one of `value` and `bitpos` must be present in an `enum` tag.

- `name` - required. Enumerant name, a legal C preprocessor token name.

- `api` - optional. An API name which specializes this definition of the named enum, so that different APIs may have different values for the same token. May be used to address a subtle incompatibilities.

- `type` - optional. Used only when `value` is specified. C suffix for the value to force it to a specific type. Currently only `u` and `ull` are used, for `unsigned` 32- and 64-bit integer values, respectively. Separated from `value` since this eases parsing and sorting of values, and rarely used.

- `alias` - optional. Name of another enumerant this is an alias of, used where token names have been changed as a result of profile changes or for consistency purposes. An enumerant alias is simply a different `name` for the exact same `value` or `bitpos`.

### 12.2. Contents of `enum` tags

`enum` tags have no allowed contents. All information is contained in the attributes.

## 13. Unused Enumerants (`unused` tag)

Each `unused` tag defines a range of enumerants which is allocated, but not yet assigned to specific enums. This just tracks the unused values for the Registrar’s use, and is not used for header generation.

| Note `unused` tags could be generated and inserted automatically, which would be a good way to avoid the attributes becoming out of date. However, they are rarely used in the Vulkan XML schema, unlike the OpenGL XML schema it was based on.

### 13.1. Attributes of `unused` tags

- `start` - required, `end` - optional. Integers defining the start and end of an unused range of enumerants. `start` must be ≤ `end`. If `end` is not present, then `start` defines a single unused enumerant. This range should not exceed the range reserved by the surrounding `enums` tag.

- `vendor` - optional. String describing the vendor or purposes to whom a reserved range of enumerants is allocated. Usually identical to the `vendor` attribute of the surrounding `enums` block.

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

### 13.2. Contents of `unused` tags

None.

## 14. Command Blocks (`commands` tag)

The `commands` tag contains definitions of each of the functions (commands) used in the API.

### 14.1. Attributes of `commands` tags

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

### 14.2. Contents of `commands` tags

Each `commands` block contains zero or more `command` tags, in arbitrary order (although they are typically ordered by sorting on the command name, to improve human readability).

## 15. Commands (`command` tag)

The `command` tag contains a structured definition of a single API command (function).

### 15.1. Attributes of `command` tags

There are two ways to define a command. The first uses a set of attributes to the `command` tag defining properties of the command used for constructing automatic validation rules, and the contents of the `command` tag define the name, signature, and parameters of the command. In this case the allowed attributes include:

- `queues` - optional. A string identifying the command queues this command can be placed on. The format of the string is one or more of the terms `"compute"`, `"transfer"`, and `"graphics"`, with multiple terms separated by commas (`","`).

- `successcodes` - optional. A string describing possible successful return codes from the command, as a comma-separated list of Vulkan result code names.

- `errorcodes` - optional. A string describing possible error return codes from the command, as a comma-separated list of Vulkan result code names.

- `renderpass` - optional. A string identifying whether the command can be issued only inside a render pass (`"inside"`), only outside a render pass (`"outside"`), or both (`"both"`).

- `cmdbufferlevel` - optional. A string identifying the command buffer levels that this command can be called by. The format of the string is one or more of the terms `"primary"` and `"secondary"`, with multiple terms separated by commas (`","`).

- `pipeline` - optional. A string identifying the pipeline type that this command uses when executed. The format of the string is one of the terms `"compute"`, `"transfer"`, or `"graphics"`.

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

The second way of defining a command is as an alias of another command. For example when an extension is promoted from extension to core status, the commands defined by that extensions become aliases of the corresponding new core commands. In this case, only two attributes are allowed:

- `name` - required. A string naming the command defined by the tag.

- `alias` - required. A string naming the command that `name` is an alias of. The string must be the same as the `name` value of another `command` defining another command.

### 15.2. Contents of `command` tags

- `proto` is required and must be the first element. It is a tag defining the C function prototype of a command as described below, up to the function name and return type but not including function parameters.

- `param` elements for each command parameter follow, defining its name and type, as described below. If a command takes no arguments, it has no `param` tags.

Following these elements, the remaining elements in a `command` tag are optional and may be in any order:

- `alias` - optional. Has no attributes and contains a string which is the name of another command this command is an alias of, used when promoting a function from vendor to Khronos extension or Khronos extension to core API status. A command alias describes the case where there are two function names which implement the same behavior.

- `description` - optional. Unused text.

- `implicitexternsyncparams` - optional. Contains a list of `param` tags, each containing asciidoc source text describing an object which is not a parameter of the command but is related to one, and which also requires external synchronization. The text is intended to be incorporated into the API specification.

| Note Versions of the registry documentation prior to 1.1.93 asserted that command aliases “resolve to the same entry point in the underlying layer stack.” Whilst this may be true on many implementations, it is not required - each command alias must be queried separately through vkGetInstanceProcAddr or vkGetDeviceProcAddr.

### 15.3. Command prototype (`proto` tags)

The `proto` tag defines the return type and name of a command.

#### 15.3.1. Attributes of `proto` tags

None.

#### 15.3.2. Contents of `proto` tags

The text elements of a `proto` tag, with all other tags removed, is legal C code describing the return type and name of a command. In addition to text, it may contain two semantic tags:

- The `type` tag is optional, and contains text which is a valid type name found in a `type` tag. It indicates that this type must be previously defined for the definition of the command to succeed. Builtin C types, and any derived types which are expected to be found in other header files, should not be wrapped in `type` tags.

- The `name` tag is required, and contains the command name being described.

### 15.4. Command parameter (`param` tags)

The `param` tag defines the type and name of a parameter. Its contents are very similar to the `member` tag used to define struct and union members.

#### 15.4.1. Attributes of `param` tags

- `len` - if the param is an array, len may be one or more of the following things, separated by commas (one for each array indirection): another param of that command; `"null-terminated"` for a string; `"1"` to indicate it is just a pointer (used for nested pointers); or an equation in math markup for incorporation in the specification (a LaTeX math expression delimited by `\(` and `\)`. The only variables in the equation should be the names of this or other parameters.

- `altlen` - if the `len` attribute is specified, and contains a `latexmath:` equation, this attribute should be specified with an equivalent equation using only C builtin operators, C math library function names, and variables as allowed for `len`. It must be a valid C99 expression whose result is equal to `len` for all possible inputs. It is a comma separated list that has size equal to only the `latexmath` item count in `len` list. This attribute is intended to support consumers of the XML who need to generate validation code from the allowed length.

- `optional` - optional. A value of `"true"` or `"false"` determines whether this parameter can be omitted by providing `NULL` (for pointers), `VK_NULL_HANDLE` (for handles), 0 (for bitmasks), or 0 for values that are the size of an array in the same command. If the parameter is a pointer to one of those types, multiple values may be provided, separated by commas - one for each pointer indirection. If not present, the value is assumed to be `"false"` (the parameter must not be omitted).

- `noautovalidity` - prevents automatic validity language being generated for the tagged item. Only suppresses item-specific validity - parenting issues etc. are still captured.

- `externsync` - optional. A value of `"true"` indicates that this parameter (e.g. the object a handle refers to, or the contents of an array a pointer refers to) is modified by the command, and is not protected against modification in multiple app threads. If only certain members of an object or elements of an array are modified, multiple strings may be provided, separated by commas. Each string describes a member which is modified. For example, the `vkQueueSubmit` command includes `externsync` attributes for the `pSubmits` array indicating that only specific members of each element of the array are modified:

      <param len="submitCount" externsync="pSubmits[].pWaitSemaphores[],pSubmits[].pSignalSemaphores[]">const <type>VkSubmitInfo</type>* <name>pSubmits</name></param>

  Parameters which do not have an `externsync` attribute are assumed to not require external synchronization.

#### 15.4.2. Contents of `param` tags

The text elements of a `param` tag, with all other tags removed, is legal C code describing the type and name of a function parameter. In addition it may contain two semantic tags:

- The `type` tag is optional, and contains text which is a valid type name found in `type` tag, and indicates that this type must be previously defined for the definition of the command to succeed. Builtin C types, and any derived types which are expected to be found in other header files, should not be wrapped in `type` tags.

- The `name` tag is required, and contains the parameter name being described.

### 15.5. Example of a `commands` tag

    <commands>
        <command>
            <proto><type>VkResult</type> <name>vkCreateInstance</name></proto>
            <param>const <type>VkInstanceCreateInfo</type>* <name>pCreateInfo</name></param>
            <param><type>VkInstance</type>* <name>pInstance</name></param>
        </command>
    </commands>

When processed into a C header, this results in

    VkResult vkCreateInstance(
        const VkInstanceCreateInfo* pCreateInfo,
        VkInstance* pInstance);

## 16. API Features and Versions (`feature` tag)

API features are described in individual `feature` tags. A feature is the set of interfaces (enumerants and commands) defined by a particular API and version, such as Vulkan 1.0, and includes all profiles of that API and version.

### 16.1. Attributes of `feature` tags

- `api` - required. API name this feature is for, such as `vk`.

- `name` - required. Version name, used as the C preprocessor token under which the version’s interfaces are protected against multiple inclusion. Example: `"VK_VERSION_1_0"`.

- `number` - required. Feature version number, usually a string interpreted as `majorNumber.minorNumber`. Example: `4.2`.

- `sortorder` - optional. A decimal number which specifies an order relative to other `feature` tags when calling output generators. Defaults to `0`. Rarely used, for when ordering by `name` is insufficient.

- `protect` - optional. An additional preprocessor token used to protect a feature definition. Usually another feature or extension `name`. Rarely used, for odd circumstances where the definition of a feature or extension requires another to be defined first.

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

| Note The `name` attribute used for Vulkan core versions, such as `"VK_VERSION_1_0"`, is not an API construct. It is used only as a preprocessor guard in the headers, and an asciidoctor conditional in the specification sources. The similar `"VK_API_VERSION_1_0"` symbols are part of the API and their values are packed integers containing Vulkan core version numbers.

### 16.2. Contents of `feature` tags

Zero or more `require` and `remove` tags, in arbitrary order. Each tag describes a set of interfaces that is respectively required for, or removed from, this feature, as described below.

### 16.3. Example of a `feature` tag

    <feature api="vulkan" name="VK_VERSION_1_0" number="1.0">
        <require comment="Header boilerplate">
            <type name="vk_platform"/>
        </require>
        <require comment="API constants">
            <enum name="VK_MAX_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_NAME"/>
            <enum name="VK_LOD_CLAMP_NONE"/>
        </require>
        <require comment="Device initialization">
            <command name="vkCreateInstance"/>
        </require>
    </feature>

When processed into a C header for Vulkan, this results in:

    #ifndef VK_VERSION_1_0
    #define VK_VERSION_1_0 1
    #define VK_MAX_EXTENSION_NAME   256
    #define VK_LOD_CLAMP_NONE       MAX_FLOAT
    typedef VkResult (VKAPI_PTR *PFN_vkCreateInstance)(const VkInstanceCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, VkInstance* pInstance);
    #ifndef VK_NO_PROTOTYPES
    VKAPI_ATTR VkResult VKAPI_CALL vkCreateInstance(
        const VkInstanceCreateInfo*                 pCreateInfo,
        VkInstance*                                 pInstance);
    #endif
    #endif /* VK_VERSION_1_0 */

## 17. Extension Blocks (`extensions` tag)

The `extensions` tag contains definitions of each of the extenions which are defined for the API.

### 17.1. Attributes of `extensions` tags

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

### 17.2. Contents of `extensions` tags

Each `extensions` block contains zero or more `extension` tags, each describing an API extension, in arbitrary order (although they are typically ordered by sorting on the extension name, to improve human readability).

## 18. API Extensions (`extension` tag)

API extensions are described in individual `extension` tags. An extension is the set of interfaces defined by a particular API extension specification, such as `ARB_multitexture`. `extension` is similar to `feature`, but instead of having `version` and `profile` attributes, instead has a `supported` attribute, which describes the set of API names which the extension can potentially be implemented against.

### 18.1. Attributes of `extension` tags

- `name` - required. Extension name, following the conventions in the Vulkan Specification. Example: `name="VK_VERSION_1_0"`.

- `number` - required. A decimal number which is the registered, unique extension number for `name`.

- `sortorder` - optional. A decimal number which specifies an order relative to other `extension` tags when calling output generators. Defaults to `0`. Rarely used, for when ordering by `number` is insufficient.

- `author` - optional. The author name, such as a full company name. If not present, this can be taken from the corresponding `tag` attribute. However, `EXT` and other multi-vendor extensions may not have a well-defined author or contact in the tag. This attribute is not used in processing the XML. It is just metadata, mostly used to track the original author of an extension (which may have since been promoted to use a different author ID).

- `contact` - optional. The contact who registered or is currently responsible for extensions and layers using the tag, including sufficient contact information to reach the contact such as individual name together with Github username (`@username`), Khronos internal Gitlab username (`gitlab:@username`) if no public Github contact is available, or other contact information. If not present, this can be taken from the corresponding `tag` attribute just like `author`.

- `type` - required if the `supported` attribute is not `'disabled'`. Must be either `'device'` or `'instance'`, if present.

- `requires` - optional. Comma-separated list of extension names this extension requires to be supported.

- `requiresCore` - optional. Core version of Vulkan required by the extension, e.g. "1.1". Defaults to "1.0".

- `protect` - optional. An additional preprocessor token used to protect an extension definition. Usually another feature or extension `name`. Rarely used, for odd circumstances where the definition of an extension requires another extension or a header file to be defined first.

- `platform` - optional. Indicates that the extension is specific to the platform identified by the attribute value, and should be emitted conditional on that platform being available, in a platform-specific header, etc. The attribute value must be the same as one of the `platform` `name` attribute values.

- `supported` - required. A regular expression with an implicit `^` and `$` bracketing it, which should match the `api` tag of a set of `feature` tags. When the extension tag is just reserving an extension number, and no interfaces are yet defined, use `supported="disabled"` to indicate this extension should never be processed.

- `promotedto` - optional. A Vulkan version or a name of an extension that this extension was promoted to. E.g. `"VK_VERSION_1_1"`, or `"VK_KHR_draw_indirect_count"`.

- `deprecatedby` - optional. A Vulkan version or a name of an extension that deprecates this extension. It may be an empty string. E.g. `"VK_VERSION_1_1"`, or `"VK_EXT_debug_utils"`, or `""`.

- `obsoletedby` - optional. A Vulkan version or a name of an extension that obsoletes this extension. It may be an empty string. E.g. `"VK_VERSION_1_1"`, or `"VK_KHR_maintenance1"`, or `""`.

- `provisional` - optional. 'true' if this extension is released provisionally.

- `specialuse` - optional. If present, must contain one or more tokens separated by commas, indicating a special purpose of the extension. Tokens may include:

  - 'cadsupport' - for support of CAD software.

  - 'd3demulation' - for support of Direct3D emulation layers or libraries, or applications porting from Direct3D.

  - 'devtools' - for support of developer tools, such as capture-replay libraries.

  - 'debugging' - for debugging an application.

  - 'glemulation' - for support of OpenGL and/or OpenGL ES emulation layers or libraries, or applications porting from those APIs.

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

| Note The `requires` attribute is used to specify other extensions that must be enabled for an extension to be enabled. In some cases, an extension may include functionality which is only defined if another extension is enabled. Such functionality should be specified within a `require`, using the `extension` attribute to specify that extension.

### 18.2. Contents of `extension` tags

Zero or more `require` and `remove` tags, in arbitrary order. Each tag describes a set of interfaces that is respectively required for, or removed from, this extension, as described below.

### 18.3. Example of an `extensions` tag

    <extension name="VK_KHR_display_swapchain" number="4" supported="vulkan">
        <require>
            <enum value="9" name="VK_KHR_DISPLAY_SWAPCHAIN_SPEC_VERSION"/>
            <enum value="4" name="VK_KHR_DISPLAY_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NUMBER"/>
            <enum value="&quot;VK_KHR_display_swapchain&quot;"
                  name="VK_KHR_DISPLAY_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME"/>
            <type name="VkDisplayPresentInfoKHR"/>
            <command name="vkCreateSharedSwapchainsKHR"/>
        </require>
    </extension>

The `supported` attribute says that the extension is defined for the default profile (`vulkan`). When processed into a C header for the `vulkan` profile, this results in header contents something like (assuming corresponding definitions of the specified `type` and `command` elsewhere in the XML):

    #define VK_KHR_display_swapchain 1
    #define VK_KHR_DISPLAY_SWAPCHAIN_SPEC_VERSION 9
    #define VK_KHR_DISPLAY_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NUMBER 4
    #define VK_KHR_DISPLAY_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME "VK_KHR_display_swapchain"

    typedef struct VkDisplayPresentInfoKHR {
        VkStructureType                             sType;
        const void*                                 pNext;
        VkRect2D                                    srcRect;
        VkRect2D                                    dstRect;
        VkBool32                                    persistent;
    } VkDisplayPresentInfoKHR;

    typedef VkResult (VKAPI_PTR *PFN_vkCreateSharedSwapchainsKHR)(
        VkDevice device, uint32_t swapchainCount,
        const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR* pCreateInfos,
        const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator,
        VkSwapchainKHR* pSwapchains);

    #ifndef VK_NO_PROTOTYPES
    VKAPI_ATTR VkResult VKAPI_CALL vkCreateSharedSwapchainsKHR(
        VkDevice                                    device,
        uint32_t                                    swapchainCount,
        const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR*             pCreateInfos,
        const VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator,
        VkSwapchainKHR*                             pSwapchains);
    #endif

## 19. Required and Removed Interfaces (`require` and `remove` tags)

A `require` block defines a set of interfaces (types, enumerants and commands) 'required' by a `feature` or `extension`. A `remove` block defines a set of interfaces 'removed' by a `feature`. This is primarily for future profiles of an API which may choose to deprecate and/or remove some interfaces. Extensions should never remove interfaces, although this usage is allowed by the schema). Except for the tag name and behavior, the contents of `require` and `remove` tags are identical.

### 19.1. Attributes of `require` and `remove` tags

- `profile` - optional. String name of an API profile. Interfaces in the tag are only required (or removed) if the specified profile is being generated. If not specified, interfaces are required (or removed) for all API profiles.

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

- `api` - optional. An API name. Interfaces in the tag are only required (or removed) if the specified API is being generated. If not specified, interfaces are required (or removed) for all APIs.

| Note The `api` attribute is only supported inside `extension` tags, since `feature` tags already define a specific API.

### 19.2. Attributes of `require` tags

These attribues are allowed only for a `require` tag.

- `extension` - optional, and only for `require` tags. String containing an API extension name. Interfaces in the tag are only required if the string matches the `name` of an `extension` tag, and that extension is enabled.

- `feature` - optional, and only for `require` tags. String containing an API feature name. Interfaces in the tag are only required if the string matches the `name` of a `feature` tag, and that feature is enabled.

| Note The `extension` attribute currently does not affect output generators in any way, and is simply metadata. This will be addressed as we better define different types of dependencies between extensions.

### 19.3. Contents of `require` and `remove` tags

Zero or more of the following tags, in any order:

#### 19.3.1. Comment Tags

`comment` (as described above).

#### 19.3.2. Command Tags

`command` specifies an required (or removed) command defined in a `commands` block. The tag has no content, but contains attributes:

- `name` - required. Name of the command.

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

#### 19.3.3. Enum tags

`enum` specifies an required (or removed) enumerant defined in a `enums` block. All forms of this tag support the following attributes:

- `name` - required. Name of the enumerant.

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

- `api` - optional. An API name which specializes this definition of the enumerant `name`, so that different APIs may have different values for the same token. May be used to address subtle incompatibilities.

There are two forms of `enum` tags:

Reference enums simply pull in the definition of an enumerant given in a separate `enums` block. No attributes other than `name` and `comment` are supported for them. `enum` tags appearing inside `remove` tags should always be reference enums. Reference enums may also be used inside `require` tags, if the corresponding value is defined in a `enums` block. This is typically used for constants not part of an enumerated type.

Extension enums define the value of an enumerant inline in an `feature` or `extensions` block. Typically these are used to add additional values specified by an extension or core feature to an existing enumerated type. There are a variety of attributes which are used to specify the value of the enumerant, although not all combinations of attributes are either meaningful or supported. Possible attributes are described first, followed by the allowed combinations:

- `value` and `type` - define a constant value in the same fashion as an `enum` tag in an `enums` block.

- `bitpos` - define a constant bitmask value in the same fashion as an `enum` tag in an `enums` block. `bitpos` is a literal integer bit position in a bitmask. The same value and usage constraints apply to this bit position as are applied to the <<tag-enum, `bitpos` attribute of an `enum` tag.

- `extends` - the name of a separately defined enumerated type (e.g. a `type` tag with `category``="enum"`) to which the extension enumerant is added. If not present, the enumerant is treated as a global constant value.

- `extnumber` - an extension number. The extension number in turn specifies the starting value of a block (range) of values reserved for enumerants defined by or associated with the corresponding `extension` tag with the same `number`. This is used when an extension or core feature needs to extend an enumerated type in a block defined by a different extension.

- Attribute `offset` - the offset within an extension block. If `extnumber` is not present, the extension number defining that block is given by the `number` attribute of the surrounding `extension` tag. The actual numeric value of the enumerant is computed as defined in the “Layers and Extensions” appendix of the Vulkan Specification.

- Attribute `dir` - if present, the calculated enumerant value will be negative, instead of positive. Negative enumerant values are normally used only for Vulkan error codes. The attribute value must be specified as `dir="-"`.

- `alias` - the name of another enumerant this is an alias of. An enumerant alias is simply a different name for the same enumerant value. This is typically used when promoting an enumerant defined by an extension to a new core version of the API. The old extension enumerant is still defined, but as an alias of the new core enumerant. It may also be used when token names have been changed as a result of profile changes, or for consistency purposes.

- `api` - an API name which specializes this definition of the named enum, so that different APIs may have different values for the same token. May be used to address subtle incompatibilities.

Table 1. Valid Combinations of `enum` Attributes for Extension Enums
`value` | `bitpos` | `alias` | `offset` | `extnumber` | `dir` | `extends` | Description
{yes} | {no} | {no} | {no} | {no} | {no} | {opt}2 | Numeric value
{no} | {yes} | {no} | {no} | {no} | {no} | {opt}2 | Bitmask value
{no} | {no} | {yes} | {no} | {no} | {no} | {opt}2 | Alias of another enumerant
{no} | {no} | {no} | {yes} | {opt}1 | {opt} | {yes} | Value added to an enumeration
{no} | {no} | {no} | {yes} | {opt}1 | {opt} | {yes} | Value added to an enumeration

[1]: If `extnumber` is not present, the `enum` tag may only be within a `extension`. Otherwise, the `enum` tag may also be within a `feature`.

[2]: If `extends` is not present, the enumerant value is a global constant. Otherwise, the value is added to the specified enumeration.

Examples of various types of extension enumerants are given below.

#### 19.3.4. Type tags

`type` specifies a required (or removed) type defined in a `types` block. Most types are picked up implicitly by using the `type` tags of commands, but in a few cases, additional types need to be specified explicitly. It is unlikely that a type would ever be removed, although this usage is allowed by the schema. The tag has no content, but contains elements:

- `name` - required. Name of the type.

- `comment` - optional. Arbitrary string (unused).

### 19.4. Examples of Extension Enumerants

Examples of some of the supported extension enumerant `enum` tags are given below.

    <extensions>
        <extension name="VK_KHR_test_extension" number="1" supported="vulkan">
            <require>
                <enum value="42" name="VK_KHR_TEST_ANSWER"/>
                <enum bitpos="29" name="VK_KHR_TEST_BITMASK"/>
                <enum offset="0" dir="-" extends="VkResult"
                      name="VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR"/>
                <enum offset="1" extends="VkResult"
                      name="VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR"/>
                <enum bitpos="30" extends="VkCullModeFlagBits"
                      name="VK_KHR_TEST_CULL_MODE_BIT"/>
            </require>
        </extension>
    </extensions>

The corresponding header file will include definitions like this:

    typedef enum VkResult {
        <previously defined VkResult enumerant values},
        VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR = -1000000000,
        VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR = 1000000001,
        VK_KHR_EXTENSION_BIT = 0x80000000,
    };

    #define VK_KHR_test_extension 1
    #define VK_KHR_theanswer 42
    #define VK_KHR_bitmask 0x20000000

## 20. Examples / FAQ / How Do I?

For people new to the Registry, it will not be immediately obvious how to make changes. This section includes some tips and examples that will help you make changes to the Vulkan headers by changing the Registry XML description.

First, follow the steps described to get the Vulkan Github repository containing the registry and assemble the tools necessary to work with the XML registry. Once you are able to regenerate the Vulkan headers from `vk.xml`, you can start making changes.

### 20.1. General Strategy

If you are adding to the API, perform the following steps to create the description of that API element:

- For each type, enum group, compile time constant, and command being added, create appropriate new `type`, `enums`, `enum`, or `command` tags defining the interface in question.

- Make sure that all added types and commands appropriately tag their dependencies on other types by adding nested `type` tags.

- Make sure that each new tag defines the name of the corresponding type, enum group, constant, or command, and that structure/union types and commands tag the types and names of all their members and parameters. This is essential for the automatic dependency process to work.

If you are modifying existing APIs, just make appropriate changes in the existing tags.

Once the definition is added, proceed to the next section to create dependencies on the changed feature.

### 20.2. API Feature Dependencies

When you add new API elements, they will not result in corresponding changes in the generated header unless they are required by the interface being generated. This makes it possible to include different API versions and extensions in a single registry and pull them out as needed. So you must introduce a dependency on new features in the corresponding `feature` tag.

Initially, the only API feature is Vulkan 1.0, so there is only one `feature` tag in `vk.xml`. You can find it by searching for the following block of `vk.xml`:

    <comment>
    <feature api="vulkan" name="VK_VERSION_1_0" number="1.0"
             comment="Vulkan core API interface definitions">

Inside the `feature` tag are nested multiple `require` tags. These are just being used as a logical grouping mechanism for related parts of Vulkan 1.0 at present, though they may have more meaningful roles in the future if different API profiles are defined.

#### 20.2.1. API Feature Walkthrough

This section walks through the first few required API features in the `vk.xml` `feature` tag, showing how each requirement pulls in type, token, and command definitions and turns those into definitions in the C header file `vulkan_core.h`.

Consider the first few lines of the `feature`:

    <require comment="Header boilerplate">
        <type name="vk_platform"/>
    </require>
    <require comment="API constants">
        <enum name="VK_MAX_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_NAME"/>
        <enum name="VK_MAX_EXTENSION_NAME"/>
        ...
    </require>
    <require comment="Device initialization">
        <command name="vkCreateInstance"/>
        ...

The first `require` block says to require a type named `vk_platform`. If you look at the beginning of the `types` section, there is a corresponding definition section:

    <type name="vk_platform">#include "vk_platform.h"
    #define VK_MAKE_VERSION(major, minor, patch) \
        ((major &lt;&lt; 22) | (minor &lt;&lt; 12) | patch)
        ...

This section is invoked by the requirement and emits a bunch of boilerplate C code. The explicit dependency is not strictly required since `vk_platform` will be required by many other types, but placing it first causes this to appear first in the output file.

Note that `vk_platform` does not correspond to an actual C type, but instead to a collection of freeform preprocessor includes and macros and comments. Most other `type` tags do define a specific type and are much simpler, but this approach can be used to inject arbitrary C into the Vulkan headers when there is no other way. In general inserting arbitrary C is strongly discouraged outside of specific special cases like this.

The next `require` block pulls in some compile time constants. These correspond to the definitions found in the first `enums` section of `vk.xml`:

    <enums name="API Constants"
           comment="Vulkan hardcoded constants - not an enumerated type, part of the header boilerplate">
        <enum value="256"        name="VK_MAX_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_NAME"/>
        <enum value="256"        name="VK_MAX_EXTENSION_NAME"/>
        ...

The third `require` block starts pulling in some Vulkan commands. The first command corresponds to the following definition found in the `commands` section of `vk.xml`:

    <commands>
        <command>
            <proto><type>VkResult</type> <name>vkCreateInstance</name></proto>
            <param>const <type>VkInstanceCreateInfo</type>* <name>pCreateInfo</name></param>
            <param><type>VkInstance</type>* <name>pInstance</name></param>
        </command>
        ...

In turn, the `command` tag requires the `types` `VkResult`, `VkInstanceCreateInfo`, and `VkInstance` as part of its definition. The definitions of these types are determined as follows:

For `VkResult`, the corresponding required `type` is:

    <type name="VkResult" category="enum"/>

Since this is an enumeration type, it simply links to an `enums` tag with the same name:

    <enums name="VkResult" type="enum" comment="API result codes">
            <comment>Return codes (positive values)</comment>
        <enum value="0"     name="VK_SUCCESS"/>
        <enum value="1"     name="VK_UNSUPPORTED"/>
        <enum value="2"     name="VK_NOT_READY"/>
        ...
            <comment>Error codes (negative values)</comment>
        <enum value="-1"    name="VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY" comment="A host memory allocation has failed"/>
        ...

For `VkInstanceCreateInfo`, the required `type` is:

    <type category="struct" name="VkInstanceCreateInfo">
        <member values="VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO"><type>VkStructureType</type> <name>sType</name></member>
        <member>const void*                         <name>pNext</name></member>
        <member>const <type>VkApplicationInfo</type>* <name>pAppInfo</name></member>
        <member>const <type>VkAllocCallbacks</type>* <name>pAllocCb</name></member>
        <member><type>uint32_t</type>               <name>extensionCount</name></member>
        <member>const <type>char</type>*const*      <name>ppEnabledExtensionNames</name></member>
    </type>

This is a structure type, defining a C `struct` with all the members defined in each `member` tag in order. In addition, it requires some other types, whose definitions are located by name in exactly the same fashion.

For the final direct dependency of the command, `VkInstance`, the required `type` is:

        <comment>Types which can be void pointers or class pointers, selected at compile time</comment>
    <type>VK_DEFINE_BASE_HANDLE(<name>VkObject</name>)</type>
    <type>VK_DEFINE_DISP_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(<name>VkInstance</name>, <type>VkObject</type>)</type>

In this case, the type `VkInstance` is defined by a special compile time macro which defines it as a derived class of `VkObject` (for `C```) or a less typesafe definition (for C). This macro is not part of the type dependency analysis, just the boilerplate used in the header.

If these are the only `feature` dependencies in `vk.xml`, the resulting `vulkan_core.h` header will look like this:

    #ifndef VULKAN_H_
    #define VULKAN_H_ 1

    #ifdef __cplusplus
    extern "C" {
    #endif

    /*
    ** Copyright (c) 2015-2020 The Khronos Group Inc.
        ...
    */

    /*
    ** This header is generated from the Khronos Vulkan XML API Registry.
    **
    ** Generated on date 20170208
    */

    #define VK_VERSION_1_0 1
    #include "vk_platform.h"
    #define VK_MAKE_VERSION(major, minor, patch) \
        ((major << 22) | (minor << 12) | patch)

    // Vulkan API version supported by this file
    #define VK_API_VERSION VK_MAKE_VERSION(0, 104, 0)

    #if defined (__cplusplus) && (VK_UINTPTRLEAST64_MAX == UINTPTR_MAX)
        #define VK_TYPE_SAFE_COMPATIBLE_HANDLES 1
    #endif

    #if defined(VK_TYPE_SAFE_COMPATIBLE_HANDLES) && !defined(VK_DISABLE_TYPE_SAFE_HANDLES)
        #define VK_DEFINE_PTR_HANDLE(_obj) struct _obj##_T { char _dummy; }; typedef _obj##_T* _obj;
        #define VK_DEFINE_PTR_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(_obj, _base) struct _obj##_T : public _base##_T {}; typedef _obj##_T* _obj;

        #define VK_DEFINE_BASE_HANDLE(_obj) VK_DEFINE_PTR_HANDLE(_obj)
        #define VK_DEFINE_DISP_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(_obj, _base) VK_DEFINE_PTR_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(_obj, _base)
        #define VK_DEFINE_NONDISP_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(_obj, _base) VK_DEFINE_PTR_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(_obj, _base)
    #else
        #define VK_DEFINE_BASE_HANDLE(_obj) typedef VkUintPtrLeast64 _obj;
        #define VK_DEFINE_DISP_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(_obj, _base) typedef uintptr_t _obj;
        #define VK_DEFINE_NONDISP_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(_obj, _base) typedef VkUintPtrLeast64 _obj;
    #endif

    typedef enum {
        VK_SUCCESS = 0,
        VK_UNSUPPORTED = 1,
        VK_NOT_READY = 2,
        ...
    } VkResult;
    typedef enum {
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO = 0,
        ...
    } VKStructureType;
    typedef struct {
        VkStructureType                             sType;
        const void*                                 pNext;
        const char*                                 pAppName;
        uint32_t                                    appVersion;
        const char*                                 pEngineName;
        uint32_t                                    engineVersion;
        uint32_t                                    apiVersion;
    } VkApplicationInfo;
    typedef enum {
        VK_SYSTEM_ALLOC_TYPE_API_OBJECT = 0,
        ...
    } VkSystemAllocType;
    typedef void* (VKAPI_PTR *PFN_vkAllocFunction)(
        void*                           pUserData,
        size_t                          size,
        size_t                          alignment,
        VkSystemAllocType               allocType);
    typedef void (VKAPI_PTR *PFN_vkFreeFunction)(
        void*                           pUserData,
        void*                           pMem);
    typedef struct {
        void*                                       pUserData;
        PFN_vkAllocFunction                         pfnAlloc;
        PFN_vkFreeFunction                          pfnFree;
    } VkAllocCallbacks;
    typedef struct {
        VkStructureType                             sType;
        const void*                                 pNext;
        const VkApplicationInfo*                    pAppInfo;
        const VkAllocCallbacks*                     pAllocCb;
        uint32_t                                    extensionCount;
        const char*const*                           ppEnabledExtensionNames;
    } VkInstanceCreateInfo;
    VK_DEFINE_BASE_HANDLE(VkObject)
    VK_DEFINE_DISP_SUBCLASS_HANDLE(VkInstance, VkObject)
    #define VK_MAX_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_NAME       256
    #define VK_MAX_EXTENSION_NAME             256
    typedef VkResult (VKAPI_PTR *PFN_vkCreateInstance)(const VkInstanceCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, VkInstance* pInstance);
    #ifndef VK_NO_PROTOTYPES
    VKAPI_ATTR VkResult VKAPI_CALL vkCreateInstance(
        const VkInstanceCreateInfo*                 pCreateInfo,
        VkInstance*                                 pInstance);
    #endif

    #ifdef __cplusplus
    }
    #endif

    #endif

Note that several additional types are pulled in by the type dependency analysis, but only those types, commands, and tokens required by the specified features are generated.

### 20.3. How To Add A Compile Time Constant

Go to the desired `feature` or `extension` tag. Add (if not present) a nested `require` block labelled

    <require comment="API constants">

In this block, add an (appropriately indented) tag like

        <enum name="VK_THE_ANSWER"/>

Then go to the `enums` block labelled

    <enums comment="Misc. hardcoded constants - not an enumerated type">

In this block, add a tag whose `name` attribute matches the `name` you defined above and whose `value` attribute is the value to give the constant:

        <enum value="42"    name="VK_THE_ANSWER"/>

### 20.4. How To Add A Struct or Union Type

For this example, assume we want to define a type corresponding to a C `struct` defined as follows:

    typedef struct {
        VkStructureType          sType;
        const void*              pNext;
        const VkApplicationInfo* pAppInfo;
        const VkAllocCallbacks*  pAllocCb;
        uint32_t                 extensionCount;
        const char*const*        ppEnabledExtensionNames;
    } VkInstanceCreateInfo;

If `VkInstanceCreateInfo` is the type of a parameter of a command in the API, make sure that command’s definition (see below for how to add a command) puts `VkInstanceCreateInfo` in nested `type` tags where it is used.

Otherwise, if the struct type is not used directly by a command in the API, nor required by a chain of type dependencies for other commands, an explicit `type` dependency should be added to the `feature` tag. Go to the `types` tag and search for the nested block labelled

    <require comment="Types not directly used by the API. Include e.g. structs that are not parameter types of commands, but still defined by the API.">
        ...

In this block, add a tag whose `name` attribute matches the `name` of the struct type being defined:

    <require comment="API types not used by commands">
        <type name="VkInstanceCreateInfo"/>
        ...

Then go to the `types` tag and add a new `type` tag defining the struct names and members, somewhere below the corresponding comment, like this:

    <types>
        ...
            <comment>Struct types</comment>
        <type category="struct" name="VkInstanceCreateInfo">
            <member><type>VkStructureType</type>
                    <name>sType</name></member>
            <member>const void*
                    <name>pNext</name></member>
            <member>const <type>VkApplicationInfo</type>*
                    <name>pAppInfo</name></member>
            <member>const <type>VkAllocCallbacks</type>*
                    <name>pAllocCb</name></member>
            <member><type>uint32_t</type>
                    <name>extensionCount</name></member>
            <member>const <type>char</type>*const*
                    <name>ppEnabledExtensionNames</name></member>
        </type>
        ...

If any of the member types are types also defined in the header, make sure to enclose those type names in nested `type` tags, as shown above. Basic C types should not be tagged.

If the type is a C `union`, rather than a `struct`, then set the value of the `category` attribute to `"union"` instead of `"struct"`.

### 20.5. How To Add An Enumerated Type

For this example, assume we want to define a type corresponding to a C `enum` defined as follows:

    typedef enum {
        VK_DEVICE_CREATE_VALIDATION_BIT = 0x00000001,
        VK_DEVICE_CREATE_MULTI_DEVICE_IQ_MATCH_BIT = 0x00000002;
    } VkDeviceCreateFlagBits.

If `VkDeviceCreateFlagBits` is the type of a parameter to a command in the API, or of a member in a structure or union, make sure that command parameter or struct member’s definition puts `VkDeviceCreateFlagBits` in nested `type` tags where it is used.

Otherwise, if the enumerated type is not used directly by a command in the API, nor required by a chain of type dependencies for commands and structs, an explicit `type` dependency should be added to the `feature` tag in exactly the same fashion as described above for `struct` types.

Next, go to the line labelled

    <comment>Vulkan enumerant (token) definitions</comment>

At an appropriate point below this line, add an `enums` tag whose `name` attribute matches the `type` name `VkDeviceCreateFlagBits`, and whose contents correspond to the individual fields of the enumerated type:

    <enums name="VkDeviceCreateFlagBits" type="bitmask">
        <enum bitpos="0" name="VK_DEVICE_CREATE_VALIDATION_BIT"/>
        <enum bitpos="1" name="VK_DEVICE_CREATE_MULTI_DEVICE_IQ_MATCH_BIT"/>
    </enums>

Several other attributes of the `enums` tag can be set. In this case, the `type` attribute is set to `"bitmask"`, indicating that the individual enumerants represent elements of a bitmask.

The individual `enum` tags define the enumerants, just like the definition for compile time constants described above. In this case, because the enumerants are bits in a bitmask, their values are specified using the `bitpos` attribute. The value of this attribute must be an integer in the range [0,30] specifying a single bit number, and the resulting value is printed as a hexadecimal constant corresponding to that bit.

It is also possible to specify enumerant values using the `value` attribute, in which case the specified numeric value is passed through to the C header unchanged.

### 20.6. How to Add A Command

For this example, assume we want to define the command:

    VKAPI_ATTR VkResult VKAPI_CALL vkCreateInstance(
        const VkInstanceCreateInfo*                 pCreateInfo,
        VkInstance*                                 pInstance);

Commands must always be explicitly required in the `feature` tag. In that tag, you can use an existing `require` block including API features which the new command should be grouped with, or define a new block. For this example, add a new block, and require the command by using the `command` tag inside that block:

    <feature api="vulkan" name="VK_VERSION_1_0" number="1.0" comment="Vulkan core API interface definitions">
        ...
        <require comment="Device initialization">
            <command name="vkCreateInstance"/>
        </require>
        ...
    </feature>

The `require` block may include a `comment` attribute whose value is a descriptive comment of the contents required within that block. The comment is not currently used in header generation, but might be in the future, so use comments which are polite and meaningful to users of the generated header files.

Then go to the `commands` tag and add a new `command` tag defining the command, preferably sorted into alphabetic order with other commands for ease of reading, as follows:

    <commands comment="Vulkan command definitions">
        ...
        <command>
            <proto><type>VkResult</type>
                   <name>vkCreateInstance</name></proto>
            <param>const <type>VkInstanceCreateInfo</type>*
                   <name>pCreateInfo</name></param>
            <param><type>VkInstance</type>*
                   <name>pInstance</name></param>
        </command>
        ...
    </commands>

The `proto` tag defines the return type and function name of the command. The `param` tags define the command’s parameters in the order in which they are passed, including the parameter type and name. The contents are laid out in the same way as the structure `member` tags described previously.

### 20.7. More Complicated API Representations

The registry schema can represent a good deal of additional information, for example by creating multiple `feature` tags defining different API versions and extensions. This capability is not yet relevant to Vulkan. Those capabilities will be documented as they are needed.

### 20.8. More Complicated Output Formats And Other Languages

The registry schema is oriented towards C-language APIs. Types and commands are defined using syntax which is a subset of C, especially for structure members and command parameters. It would be possible to use a language-independent syntax for representing such information, but since we are writing a C API, any such representation would have to be converted into C anyway at some stage.

The `vulkan.h` header is written using an output generator object in the Python scripts. This output generator is specialized for C, but the design of the scripts is intended to support writing output generators for other languages as well as purposes such as documentation (e.g. generating asciidoc fragments corresponding to types and commands for use in the API specification and reference pages). When targeting other languages, the amount of parsing required to convert type declarations into other languages is small. However, it will probably be necessary to modify some of the boilerplate C text, or specialize the tags by language, to support such generators.

### 20.9. Additional Semantic Tagging

The schema is being extended to support semantic tags describing various properties of API features, such as:

- constraints on allowed scalar values to function parameters (non-`NULL`, normalized floating-point, etc.)

- length of arrays corresponding to function pointer parameters

- miscellaneous properties of commands such as whether the application or system is responsible for threadsafe use; which queues they may be issued on; whether they are aliases or otherwise related to other commands; etc.

These tags will be used by other tools for purposes such as helping create validation layers, generating serialization code, and so on. We would like to eventually represent everything about the API that is amenable to automatic processing within the registry schema. Please make suggestions on the Github issue tracker.

### 20.10. Stability of the XML Database and Schema

The Vulkan XML schema is evolving in response to corresponding changes in the Vulkan API and ecosystem. Most such change will probably be confined to adding attributes to existing tags and properly expressing the relationships to them, and making API changes corresponding to accepted feature requests. Changes to the schema should be described in the change log of this document. Changes to the `.xml` files and Python scripts are logged in Github history.

## 21. Change Log

- 2020-02-20 - Clarify that `enum` tags inside `remove` tags must be reference enums, not containing attributes defining values.

- 2020-01-13 - Restrict `bitpos` to [0,30] to avoid poorly defined compiler behavior.

- 2019-08-25 - Add `sortorder` attribute to `feature` and `extension` tags.

- 2018-12-06 - Specify that command aliases are not guaranteed to resolve to the same entry point in the underlying layer stack, matching a related clarification in the Vulkan Specification.

- 2018-10-01 - Add description of the default value of `optional` member and parameter attributes, if not specified.

- 2018-08-28 - Add optional `provisional` attribute to `extension` tags.

- 2018-07-07 - Add optional `promotedto`, `deprecatedby`, and `obsoletedby` attributes to `extension` tags.

- 2018-06-25 - Remove `vendorids` tags for Khronos vendor IDs.

- 2018-05-08 - Add `driverids` and `driverid` tags for describing Vulkan driver implementation identification information.

- 2018-04-15 - Add `requiresCore`.

- 2018-03-07 - Updated for Vulkan 1.1 release.

- 2018-02-21 - Add descriptions of the `extnumber` and `alias` attributes used for defining `enum` attributes, the `alias` attribute used for defining `type` aliases, the `name` and `alias` attributes used for defining `command` aliases, the `platform` attribute of `extension` tags, and the `feature` attribute of `require` tags; and update the document to the header naming and grouping scheme used starting in Vulkan 1.1.

- 2018-01-07 - Add `platforms` and `platform` tags for describing Vulkan platform names and preprocessor symbols.

- 2017-09-10 - Define syntax of member and parameter `altlen` attributes, for use by code generators.

- 2017-09-01 - Define syntax of member and parameter `len` attributes consistently and correctly for current uses of latexmath:

- 2017-08-24 - Note that the `extension` attribute `type` must be specified if the extension is not disabled.

- 2017-07-27 - Finish removing validextensionstructs attribute and replacing it with structextends.

- 2017-07-14 - Add comment attributes or tags as valid content in several places, replacing XML comments which could not be preserved by XML transformation tools.

- 2017-02-20 - Change to asciidoctor markup and move into the specification source directory for ease of building.

- 2016-09-27 - Remove `validity` and `usage` tags, since these explicit usage statements have been moved to the specification source.

- 2016-08-26 - Update for the single-branch model.

- 2016-07-28 - Add `type` and `requires` attributes to `extension` tags.

- 2016-02-22 - Change math markup in `len` attributes to use asciidoc `\(` and `\)` delimiters.

- 2016-02-19 - Add `successcodes` and `errorcodes` attributes of `command` tags. Add a subsection to the introduction describing the schema choices and how to file issues against the registry.

- 2016-02-07 - Add `vendorids` tags for Khronos vendor IDs.

- 2015-12-10 - Add `author` and `contact` attributes for `extension` tags.

- 2015-12-07 - Move `vulkan/vulkan.h` to a subdirectory.

- 2015-12-01 - Add `tags` tags for author tags.

- 2015-11-18 - Bring documentation and schema up to date for extension enumerants.

- 2015-11-02 - Bring documentation and schema up to date with several recent merges, including `validity` tags. Still out of date WRT extension enumerants, but that will change soon.

- 2015-09-08 - Rename `threadsafe` attribute to `externsync`, and `implicitunsafeparams` tag to `implicitexternsync`.

- 2015-09-07 - Update `command` tag description to remove the `threadsafe` attribute and replace it with a combination of `threadunsafe` attributes on individual parameters, and `implicitunsafeparams` tags describing additional unsafe objects for the command.

- 2015-08-04 - Add `basetype` and `funcpointer` `category` values for type tags, and explain the intended use and order in which types in each category are emitted.

- 2015-07-02 - Update description of Makefile targets. Add descriptions of `threadsafe`, `queues`, and `renderpass` attributes of `command` tags, and of `modified` attributes of `param` tags.

- 2015-06-17 - add descriptions of allowed `category` attribute values of `type` tags, used to group and sort related categories of declarations together in the generated header.

- 2015-06-04 - Add examples of making changes and additions to the registry.

- 2015-06-03 - Move location to new `vulkan` Git repository. Add definition of `type` tags for C struct/unions. Start adding examples of making changes.

- 2015-06-02 - Branch from OpenGL specfile documentation and bring up to date with current Vulkan schema.

- 2015-07-10 - Remove contractions to match the style guide.

- 2015-07-19 - Move this document from LaTeX to asciidoc source format and make minor changes to markup.