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\begin{document}

\section*{The Chicago Author-Date Specification}
\label{sec:spec}

As a general rule, you'll probably want to use the \cmd{autocite}
command for most citations.  For most sources, the result will be
exactly as you expect it to be.  A few examples:
\autocite{adorno:benj}; \autocite{ashbrook:brain};
\autocite{babb:peru}; \autocite{barcott:review}.  Any page references
should also appear as you expect: \autocite[338]{batson};
\autocite[79]{beattie:crime}; \autocite[36]{boxer:china}.

\subsection*{Repeated citations}
\label{sec:ibidem}

Repeated citations are somewhat complicated.  The Chicago author-date
style doesn't use \enquote{\emph{Ibid},} but in general a repeated
citation on the same page will print only the page reference:
\autocite{browning:aurora}; \autocite[45]{browning:aurora}.
Technically, this should only occur when a source is cited
\enquote{more than once in one paragraph}
\autocite[16.114]{chicago:manual}, so you can use the \cmd{citereset}
command from \textsf{biblatex} to achieve the greatest compliance, as
the package only offers automatic resetting on part, chapter, section,
and subsection boundaries, while \textsf{biblatex-chicago}
automatically resets the tracker at page breaks:

\citereset\cmd{citereset}\ \autocite[16.115]{chicago:manual}.  If you
are going to repeat a source, make sure that the cite command provides
a postnote --- if you don't need to cite a specific page, then it's
better only to use one citation rather than two, as otherwise, in the
current state of the code, you'll get empty parentheses, like so:
\autocite{chicago:manual}.

\subsection*{Other citation commands}
\label{sec:other}

The other citation commands from \textsf{biblatex} also work fine:

\cmd{textcite}: \textcite{conley:fifthgrade}; \cmd{autocite*}:
\autocite*{connell:chronic}; \cmd{cite}: \cite{conway:evolution};
\cmd{cite*}: \cite*{davenport:attention}; \cmd{foot\-note} with
\cmd{autocite};\footnote{\autocite{donne:var}.}\ \cmd{footcite}
(=\cmd{cite} inside a \cmd{footnote}).  \footcite{dunn:revolutions}

Multicites should work as you expect, too:

\cmd{autocites}: \autocites{dyna:browser}{eliot:pound};
\cmd{autocites} by the same author:
\autocites{pirumova}{pirumova:russian}; \cmd{autocites} by the same
author with postnotes: \autocites{pirumova}[14]{pirumova:russian};
\cmd{textcites} by the same author with postnotes:
\textcites[37]{pirumova}{pirumova:russian}.

\subsection*{Shorthands}
\label{sec:shorthands}

Chicago's author-date style only seems to recommend the use of
shorthands as abbreviations for long authors' names, particularly
institutional names \autocite[17.47]{chicago:manual}.  By default, I
have followed this recommendation: \cmd{autocites}:
\autocites{bsi:abbreviation}{iso:electrodoc}; \cmd{textcites}:
\textcites{bsi:abbreviation}{iso:electrodoc}.  It suggests placing the
expansion of the abbreviation into an alphabetized cross-reference
inside the reference list itself, a procedure that I have now
implemented for \textsf{biblatex-chicago}.  To use this, you need a
\textsf{CustomC} entry containing the expansion, and either a
\textsf{userc} field in the parent entry or a \cmd{nocite} command to
make sure it is printed in the reference list.  If you use a
\cmd{printshorthands} command, the list of shorthands will still be
printed, so you now have a variety of options available for presenting
the expansions depending on your specific requirements.  Please note,
also, that you can get back something approaching the
\enquote{standard} behavior of shorthands if you give the
\texttt{cmslos=false} option to \textsf{biblatex-chicago} in your
document preamble.

\subsection*{Mildly problematic entries}
\label{sec:problematic}

In most entries, the absence of an author can be supplied by, e.g., an
editor or a translator: \autocite{chaucer:alt};
\autocite{silver:gawain}.  Sometimes an anonymous work's author is
known or can be guessed: \autocite{horsley:prosodies};
\autocite{cook:sotweed}.  Alternatively, in some cases the use of
\enquote{\texttt{Anon.}}\ as author may be the simplest option:
\autocite{anon:stanze}; \autocite{virginia:plantation}.

An absent date will, in most entry types, provoke the package into
providing \enquote{\texttt{n.d.}\hspace{-2pt}}:
\autocite{evanston:library}.  You can also give it yourself in the
form \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}}: \autocite{ross:thesis}.  A date that
can be guessed should appear within square brackets:
\autocite{clark:mesopot}.  Forthcoming works are straightforward,
assuming you remember to use the \cmd{autocap} macro so that the word
appears correctly in both citations and the list of references:
\autocite{author:forthcoming}; \autocite{contrib:contrib}.

The \emph{Manual} outlines a series of options for entries with more
than one date \autocite[17.124--27]{chicago:manual}.  All of these
possibilities are available in \textsf{biblatex-chicago} using the
\texttt{cmsdate} entry option: \texttt{cmsdate=off} (the default):
\autocite{maitland:equity}; \texttt{cmsdate=on}:
\autocite{james:ambassadors}; \texttt{cmsdate=old}:
\autocite{emerson:nature}; \texttt{cmsdate=new}:
\autocite{maitland:canon}.  These options, in combination with others
available in your .bib files, can cover a wide range of difficult
cases.  Please see the next section below, the documentation in
\textsf{biblatex-chicago.pdf}, and also the following entries in
\textsf{dates-test.bib}:
\autocites{schweitzer:bach}{white:russ}{white:ross:memo}.

\subsection*{Corners of the specification}
\label{sec:corners}

In some cases, the \emph{Manual} isn't altogether clear about how to
present entries in the author-date style.  I'm pretty certain about
most of what follows, but if you interpret the specification
differently please let me know.

\subsubsection*{InReference entries}
\label{sec:inref}

These present several peculiarities: the title of the work should
always take the place of any author, no
\enquote{\texttt{n.d.}\hspace{-2pt}} will be automatically provided,
and any postnote field will be enclosed in quotation marks preceded by
\enquote{\texttt{s.v.}\hspace{-2pt}} for \enquote{\emph{sub verbo}.}
This allows you to refer to alphabetized articles in well-known
reference works: \autocite[Hume, David]{ency:britannica};
\autocite[Sibelius, Jean]{grove:sibelius};
\autocite[BibTeX]{wikiped:bibtex}.

\subsubsection*{Author-less Article (and Manual) entries}
\label{sec:authless:art}

In article entries with the \texttt{magazine} entrysubtype, the
absence of an author automatically places the title of the periodical
in citations and at the head of the entry in the list of references:
\autocite{gourmet:052006}; \autocite{lakeforester:pushcarts};
\autocite{nyt:trevorobit}.  In \textsf{manual} entries, the
\textsf{organization} field does the same: \autocite{dyna:browser}.
If you wish to present an abbreviated form of the journal (or
organization) name only in citations, then the \textsf{shortauthor}
field --- or in other cases the \textsf{shorthand} field --- is the
place for it, making sure to include formatting:
\autocite{unsigned:ranke}; \autocite{bsi:abbreviation}.

\subsubsection*{Misc entries with an entrysubtype}
\label{sec:misc}

When citing individual letter-like pieces from an unpublished archive
using \textsf{origdate}, you need to set the \texttt{cmsdate=on}
option so that the \textsf{origdate} appears in the citation and at
the head of the entry in the list of references:
\autocite{creel:house}.  Non-letters, e.g., interviews, use the
\textsf{date} field, so you don't need \texttt{cmsdate};
\autocite{spock:interview}.  For undated pieces you can put
\cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}} in the \textsf{year} field:
\autocite{dinkel:agassiz}.  For citing whole collections, see the next
section.

\subsubsection*{entrysubtype = \{classical\}}
\label{sec:classical}

This option's name derives from its use for citing texts from
classical antiquity, though in the author-date style especially it can
be put to use in several other contexts.  In a nutshell, any entry
with such an \textsf{entrysubtype} will be treated, in citations only,
not as author-date but as author-title.  (Entries in the list of
references, e.g., a particular edition of Aristotle, will still appear
in standard author-date format.)  A \cmd{cite*} or \cmd{autocite*}
command will, in such a case, produce the title rather than the year.
Some examples should make this clearer:

Classical works: without abbreviation:
\autocite{aristotle:metaphy:trans}; with abbreviation:
\autocite{aristotle:metaphy:gr}; \autocite{plato:republic:gr}; using
standard pagination: \autocite*[3.2.996b5--8]{aristotle:metaphy:gr};
\autocite*[420e]{plato:republic:gr}; work cited by page of a modern
edition, i.e., without \textsf{entrysubtype}:
\autocite[198]{euripides:orestes}.

Sacred works, e.g., the Bible and the Qur'an:
\autocite[25:19--36:43]{genesis}.

An unpublished archive, from which more than one work has been cited:
\autocite[file 12]{house:papers}.  (Both this and the previous example
use a Misc entry with \texttt{classical} \textsf{entrysubtype}.)

\subsubsection*{Comments inside citations}
\label{sec:comments}

If you wish to include a comment inside the parentheses of a citation,
it will need to be separated by a semicolon
\autocite[16.111]{chicago:manual}.  If you have a \textsf{postnote},
then you can manually provide the punctuation and comment in that
field, e.g., \autocite[4; the unrevised trans.]{stendhal:parma}.
Without a \textsf{postnote}, you'll need a separate Misc or CustomC
entry containing just the text of the comment in the \textsf{title}
field, \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{classical}, and \textsf{options}
\texttt{skipbib}.  An \cmd{autocites} command calling both the main
text and the comment will do the trick, e.g.,
\autocites{chicago:manual}{chicago:comment}.

\subsubsection*{Multiple authors}
\label{sec:multiple}

The default settings in \textsf{biblatex-chicago} are
\texttt{maxnames=3,minnames=1} in citations and
\texttt{max\-names=10,minnames=7} in the list of references (see the
\cmd{printbibliography} command in the .tex file).  In practice, this
means that an entry like hlatky:hrt, with 5 authors, will present all
of them in the list of references but will truncate to one in
citations, like so: \autocite{hlatky:hrt}.  For the vast majority of
circumstances, these settings are exactly right for the Chicago
author-date specification.  However, if \enquote{a reference list
  includes another work \emph{of the same date} that would also be
  abbreviated as [\enquote{Hlatky et al.}] but whose coauthors are
  different persons or listed in a different order, the text citations
  must distinguish between them} \autocite[16.118]{chicago:manual}.
By default, \textsf{biblatex} would present such a work as, e.g.,
(Hlatky et al. 2002b), while hlatky:hrt would be (Hlatky et
al. 2002a).  This does distinguish between them, but inaccurately, as
it suggests that the two different author lists are exactly the same.

The solution to this problem is the \textsf{shortauthor} field.  For
our two entries they might look like, e.g., \{\{Hlatky, Boothroyd et
al.\}\} and \{\{Hlatky, Smith et al.\}\}.  This will produce the two
citations (Hlatky, Boothroyd et al.\ 2002) and (Hlatky, Smith et al.\
2002), which is what the specification requires.  If the
distinguishing name occurs further down the author list --- in fourth
or fifth position in our examples --- then you may have to use
\textsf{shortauthor} fields that look like this: \{\{Hlatky et al.,
\textbackslash mkbibquote\{Quality of Life,\}\}\} and \{\{Hlatky et
al., \textbackslash mkbibquote\{Depressive Symptoms,\}\}\}, using a
shortened title to distinguish the references.  This would produce
(Hlatky et al., \enquote{Quality of Life,} 2002) and (Hlatky et al.,
\enquote{Depressive Symptoms,} 2002), again as the spec requires.
There is, unfortunately, no simpler way that I know of to deal with
this situation.

\subsubsection*{Audiovisual entries}
\label{sec:audiovisual}

According to the \emph{Manual}, \enquote{the author-date system is
  inappropriate for most audiovisual materials\ldots\ Such materials
  are best mentioned in running text and grouped in the reference list
  under a subhead\ldots} \autocite[17.265]{chicago:manual}.  Some
entries work perfectly well: \autocite{auden:reading};
\autocite{hitchcock:nbynw}; \autocite{handel:messiah}.  Others perhaps
require further information in the entry or genuinely are better
suited to presentation in running text: \autocite{beethoven:sonata29};
\autocite{nytrumpet:art}.  Published (\textsf{Audio}) and unpublished
(\textsf{Misc}) scores, for their part, are no problem at all:
\autocite{schubert:muellerin}; \autocite{verdi:corsaro};
\autocite{shapey:partita}.  The standard \textsf{biblatex} tools for
subdividing reference lists are all available if you want to follow
the \emph{Manual's} recommendations on that front.

\subsection*{Further examples (mainly for testing purposes)}
\label{testing}

Article: \autocite{assocpress:gun}; \autocite{brown:bremer};
\autocite{bundy:macneil}; \autocite{chu:panda};
\autocite{Clemens:letter}; \autocite{conley:fifthgrade};
\autocite{connell:chronic}; \autocite{friedman:learning};
\autocite{garaud:gatine}; \autocite{garrett}; \autocite{gibbard};
\autocite{kern}; \autocite{kimluu:diethyl}; \autocite{kozinn:review};
\autocite{lewis}; \autocite{loften:hamlet};
\autocite{loomis:structure}; \autocite{morgenson:market};
\autocite{osborne:poison}; \autocite{ratliff:review};
\autocite{reaves:rosen}; \autocite{rozner:liberation};
\autocite{schneider:mittelpleistozaene}; \autocite{sewall:letter};
\autocite{stenger:privacy}; \autocite{terborgh:preservation};
\autocite{wall:radio}; \autocite{wallraff:word};
\autocite{warr:ellison}; \autocite{white:callimachus}.

Artwork: \autocite{leo:madonna}.

Book: \autocite{barrows:reading}; \autocite{churchill:letters};
\autocite{cohen:schiff}; \autocite{cotton:manufacture};
\autocite{creasey:ashe:blast}; \autocite{creasey:morton:hide};
\autocite{creasey:york:death}; \autocite{davenport:attention};
\autocite{feydeau:farces}; \autocite{furet:passing:eng};
\autocite{furet:passing:fr}; \autocite{harley:cartography};
\autocite{hopp:attalid}; \autocite{howell:marriage};
\autocite{lach:asia}; \autocite{lecarre:quest};
\autocite{levistrauss:savage}; \autocite{lynch:webstyle};
\autocite{maisonneuve:relations}; \autocite{mchugh:wake};
\autocite{menchu:crossing}; \autocite{meredith:letters};
\autocite{michelangelo:poems}; \autocite{mla:style};
\autocite{natrecoff:camera}; \autocite{palmatary:pottery};
\autocite{pelikan:christian}; \autocite{rodman:walk};
\autocite{schellinger:novel}; \autocite{sechzer:women};
\autocite{sereny:cries}; \autocite{soltes:georgia};
\autocite{stendhal:parma}; \autocite{suangtho:tectona};
\autocite{thompson:making}; \autocite{tillich:system};
\autocite{times:guide}; \autocite{turabian:manual};
\autocite{walker:columbia}; \autocite{wauchope:ceramics};
\autocite{weber:saugetiere}; \autocite{weresz};
\autocite{white:total}; \autocite{wright:evolution};
\autocite{wright:theory}.

BookInBook: \autocite{bernard:boris}.

Collection: \autocite{brush:ornithology}; \autocite{kamrany:economic};
\autocite{prairie:state}; \autocite{zukowsky:chicago}.

Image: \autocite{bedford:photo}.

InBook: \autocite{ashbrook:brain}; \autocite{phibbs:diary};
\autocite{will:cohere}.

InCollection: \autocite{centinel:letters}; \autocite{ellet:galena};
\autocite{keating:dearborn}; \autocite{lippincott:chicago};
\autocite{sirosh:visualcortex}; \autocite{wiens:avian}.

InReference: \autocite[absolute]{oed:cdrom}.

Manual: \autocite{dyna:browser}.

Online: \autocite{powell:email}.

Patent: \autocite{petroff:impurity}.

Periodical: \autocite{good:wholeissue}; \autocite{whittington:water}.

Report: \autocite{herwign:office}.

SuppBook: \autocite{friedman:intro}; \autocite{polakow:afterw};
\autocite{prose:intro}.

Thesis: \autocite{murphy:silent}.

Unpublished: \autocite{nass:address}.


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